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There are two key areas in the public sector in which corruption in Indonesia can be found. These are the justice and civil service sectors. While hard data on corruption is difficult to collect, corruption in Indonesia is clearly seen through public opinion, collated through surveys as well as observation of how each system runs.〔Lateef, S. ''et al''; ''Combating Corruption in Indonesia'', World Bank East Asia Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit 2003 (Full text )〕 Corruption within the justice sector is seen by its ineffectiveness to enforce laws, failure to uphold justice, hence undermining the rule of law. The areas of corruption within this sector include the police and the courts. In the 2008 Public Sector Integrity Survey, the Supreme Court ranked the lowest in integrity in comparison to the other public services in Indonesia.〔(Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi, Integritas Sektor Publik Indonesia Tahun 2008: Fakta Korupsi dalam Layanan Publik, (Jakarta: Direktorat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Komisi Pemberatasan Korupsi, 2009), pg 10.)〕 The courts were viewed to make decisions unfairly and have high unofficial costs. Evidence of corruption within the civil service comes from surveys conducted within the sector. Some surveys found out that almost half were found to have received bribes. Civil servants themselves admit to corruption.〔Lateef, S. (2003).〕 In January 2012, it was reported that Indonesia has lost as much as Rp 2.13 trillion (US$238.6 million) to corruption in 2011. A study conducted by Indonesia Corruption Watch, a non-profit organization co-ordinated by Danang Widoyoko, said that embezzlement accounted for most of the money lost and that “government investment was the sector most prone to graft.” Companies are concerned about red tape and widespread extortion in the process of obtaining licences and permits, and they often faced demand for irregular fees or concessions based on personal relationships when obtaining government contracts. Companies have also reported regular demand for cash payments and expectations for gifts and special treatments by Indonesian officials.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/east-asia-the-pacific/indonesia/show-all.aspx )〕 ==Economic and social costs== Corruption is an important development challenge that poses economic and social costs in Indonesia. Interference in public laws and policies for the sake of personal or private gain has weakened the competitiveness of Indonesia.〔Vinay Kumar Bhargava, E. P. (2004). Challenging corruption in Asia: case studies and a framework for action. World Bank Publications.〕 About one-quarter of ministries suffer from budgetary diversions in Indonesia. Households spent approximately 1% while enterprises spent at least 5% of monthly company revenue on unofficial payments. Social costs due to corruption in Indonesia include the weakening of government institutions and the rule of law.〔Lateef, S. (2003).〕 Increases in crime due to smuggling and extortion involve the institutions that are supposed to be protecting citizens. The people who suffer most are the poor〔Mauro, P. (1997). Why Worry About Corruption?〕 as they are pressured to finance payments through their already tight budgets and the effectiveness of social services are less accessible indirectly. These concerns were voiced by the poor urban communities of Indonesia themselves in a joint World Bank-Partnership for Governance Reform research project, entitled “Corruption and the Poor”.〔Hardjono, R. a. (2002). The Poor Speak Up; 17 Stories of Corruption, Partnership for Governance . 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Corruption in Indonesia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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